History 9th Grade - 2275 Words

History Buddhism/Confucianism = no gods All founded in the b.c. ere All have many followers All karma Buddhism / Hinduism = reincarnation Confucianism /Buddhism = do good things You have to walk the walk. There journey was difficult because they had to travel over both land and water plus there where no roads during that time. Anti-Semitic prejudice The Black Death - black bumps red ring around History There journey was difficult because they had to travel over both land and water plus there where no roads during that time. History 1.) a founder of Buddhism 2.)Chinese philosopher 3.)ruled by fear (emperor) 4.)the Han dynasty was a time of economic prosperity 5.) to come alive again/be†¦show more content†¦This was led by Ghengis Khan. 04/14/1229 Mongol attack Lanched an attack on Delhi sultante. This is where Khan had left troops there. 04/15/1250 delhi Irrigation conplex in ceylon And fell into ruin. This was when invafers from sind disrupted sinhalese gov. 04/14/1251 Mongols The Sons of tuli took control of mongol succession. He was another son of Genghis Khan. 04/14/1258 Mongols Mogols overran Islamic Empire. Destroyed Baghdad and ended Abbasid Dynasty. 04/14/1260 Mongols Defeted Mogols defeated by the mamluks of Egypt. As well as the Mongol Empire extended from Siberrian forest to the western punjab. also, from yellow sea to eastern med coast. 04/15/1274 fedual japan mongol attacks on japan repulsed. 04/14/1275 Mongols: Marco Polo 1275-1295 Venetian trader Marco Polo lived in the Mongol Empire. Marco Polo visited and befriended the Great Khan, the ruler of the Mongol Empire. 04/14/1279 Mongols Mongols completed the conquest of southern China. As well as establishing the Chinese Yuan dynasty which lasted until 1368. 04/14/1300 Florence It was a major trade center. It controlled taxed all the trade in the penninsula. 04/14/1300 Mongols: Tamerlane Tamerlanes founded his empire on the ruins of the mongol empire. This was begun by Genghis Kahn. 04/14/1300 Mongol A mongol descett, not from Genghis led troops into India. After conquering region east of Caspian Sea, Meso, and baghdad. 04/15/1300 Delhi Sultantin built a etwork ofShow MoreRelatedBand Program Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pages†¢ Freshman Band- Freshman is included in my curriculum because this allows the directors focus on the development of 9th grade students understanding of music and fundamentals. Skill ranges will vary but those that are â€Å"rising stars† will be placed in musical leadership positions that they may not obtain if they were in the upper level ensembles. †¢ Symphonic Winds- Symphonic Winds is included in the curriculum as a second band to further develop student’s ensemble abilities and technique beyondRead MoreImproving The Best Of Existing State Standards856 Words   |  4 Pages The standards clearly demonstrate what students are expected to learn at each grade level, so that every parent and teacher can understand and support their learning. From Kindergarten through 8th grade, grade-by-grade standards exist in English language arts/literacy and mathematics. From 9th through 12th grade, the standards are grouped into grade sets of 9th through 10th grade standards and 11th through 12th grade standards. Moreover, the CCSS stress the importance of using primary texts in theRead MoreSymbolism In Hemingways The Old Man And The Sea1488 Words   |  6 Pageschallenge that Santiago takes while defying the odds of his age and his reputation from others. In my 9th grade year of High School, I decided to take AP World History. In conflict, my parents tried to discourage me from taking the class and many of my upper classmen friends told me it would be too hard to get a good grade on the AP exam. Without any doubt, I took on the most difficult 9th grade course as a challenge to prove to my parents that I was responsible with my own studies. I first struggledRead MoreThe Education System Of Mexico943 Words   |  4 Pagesrequired for all children in grades 1st through 6th grade it consists of general education, and community programs where students are introduced to the scientific and social aspects such as biology, chemistry, physics, foreign language, arts, and technology. Junior High or La Secundaria is grades 7th through 9th, and is part of the basic compulsory education system. At this level, more specialized subjects may be taught such as physics and chemistry, and world history. There is also the technicalRead MoreMental Health Records : Psychological Issues848 Words   |  4 Pagesrecently starte d counseling services at a facility that was closer to their home. The comparison point decision (CPD) date was 09/02/2009. Per mental health records (2009), the claimant had a history of poor grades, behavior problems at home, at school, and in social settings. He had failed the 2nd grade for the second time and had been â€Å"kicked out of daycare† multiple times because of behavior problems. A few times, when he was angry he wanted to hurt himself. In one occasion, he wanted to pokeRead MoreCyber Bully And What Do Cyber Bullies Look For A Target?1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe correlation between age and cyberbullying. (Carter, Wilson, 2015.) Wang, Lannotti, and Nansel (2009) â€Å"found no differences in the cyberbullying among 9th and 8th graders, and fewer self-reports of cyberbullying among 9th and 10th graders.† Williams and Guerra (2007) found that â€Å"engagement in internet bullying increased from 5th to 8th grade, and then declined slightly among high school adolescents.† Although there is further information around different age groups, it is widely agreed that adoles centsRead MoreThe National Association For Music Education990 Words   |  4 Pagesperformance as well as their conduct in the community. The standards are used throughout the United States, introducing new topics throughout a child s preschool-8th grade education. They are also provided in small strands throughout high schools. Teachers implement these techniques through the teaching of theory, music history, collaboration, creating and performing throughout their own individual curricula. They also have created Model Cornerstone Assessments, which are designed to measureRead MoreMy Interview With A Private School And Not Receiving Federal Funding781 Words   |  4 Pagesand other educational items for students. The NPDS is also the organization that we report our ACR (Administrative Cost Re-imbursement) time. Each staff member logs the amount of time that they spend on different administrative duties (attendance, grades, supervision, etc) per day. We receive a percentage of t hese values from the state. It is safe to say that I learned a lot about what happens after I complete logging my time each year. After completing my internship in administration last yearRead MoreMy Year Of High School877 Words   |  4 Pagesthinking. As my 9th grade year begun, I was beyond thrilled because I was now being known as a freshman of McGehee High School. 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An Analysis of Cathedral - 822 Words

An Analysis of Cathedral Cathedral, written by Raymond Carver, is a short story that explores the narrator’s insecurities and fears of what he does not understand and through the progression of the story is enlightened by the man he fears. The short story Cathedral is a story of the narrators’ wife’s old friend coming to visit. The friend, Robert, is a man that she knew ten years before and has kept in contact with since. The two correspond via tape recordings on a regular basis. The wife tells Robert of all goings on in her life and Robert responds in kind. Robert’s wife has died and he will be close enough to come and visit his old friend. Cathedral is written in the first person and is narrated by the husband character. The†¦show more content†¦Robert being sightless did not preclude him from having insight. The narrator had drawn a picture for a blind man, and for a time he himself was sightless, and they both could see the product of their labor. The story Cathedral is about a man who is insecure in his relationship, uncommunicative, and fearful of the unknown. He meets Robert, a blind man, and through Robert’s persistence they begin to get to know one another. The narrator eventually becomes enlightened to the fact that the unknown is nothing to fear and that sight isn’t necessary to see what is around him. References Carver, R. (1983) Cathedral. Retrieved 1 May, 2011, from https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUENG125.10.2/sections/sec8.3 Clugston, R. W. (2010), Journey into literature. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education. Retrieved 1 May, 2011, fromShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Story Cathedral 1734 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Cathedral is a famous short story by American writer and poet Raymond Carver. The story was first published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1981 and appeared in The Americas Best Short Stories in 1982. In the short story cathedral, the unnamed narrator’s wife’s blind friend is coming to visit. The narrator isn’t thrilled about his wife’s blind friend coming to visit nor is he happy that the man is blind. Later in the evening the narrator experiences a life changing realization of the trueRead More Cathedral Analysis Paper: Milan Cathedral2671 Words   |  11 Pages All over the world, people still come to admire the beauty of European cathedrals. Many of the cathedrals are fragile due to age, neglect, pollution, and insufficient funds available to restore these historical and magnificent buildings. Nevertheless, visitors to these architectural masterpieces are fascinated by the design and structure of these churches. The cathedral builders using their own inge nuity, expertise, and limited resources were able to defy the laws of gravity and time. (Icher 30) Read MoreAnalysis Of Cathedral By Raymond Carver Essay830 Words   |  4 PagesMistakable Judgments An Analysis of â€Å"Cathedral† Raymond Carver wrote a long-lived short story name â€Å"Cathedral†. Where a divorced women remarried after a hard experience to a person who is struggling to accept his wife’s very long relationship with a blind man. Her new husband suspiciousness controls his emotions and draw his thoughts falsely. As her very old friendship was having an unfortunate event that his wife had passed away, he arranged with her a visit to their house, which concerned herRead MoreAnalysis Of The Narrator Cathedral 1280 Words   |  6 Pages Nicole Deyanira Espino Professor Marybeth Rua-Larsen English 102 6 October 2015 In â€Å"Cathedral†, looking is affiliated more to physical vision, but seeing requires a deeper level of thoughtfulness. The narrator displays the capability of looking but cannot display the capability of seeing into such depths. The narrator’s whole idea of blindness came from the movies. He said blind people moved slow, were mostly led by dogs, were always serious and never laughed. But that just shows how ignorantRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Cathedral 936 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Cathedral† is all about inner vision. It throws light into the fact that inner vision is more vital than physical vision. It covers various areas of life: intimacy of relations, importance of communication, need for love and care in relations, trust etc. The story is about a husband, wife and a blind man who is the narrators wife’s friend named Robert. Robert is a blind man, but he has got good insight than the narrator who hardly understands the feelings of people. When the narrator comes toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story The Cathedral 989 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone has been guilty of putting someone else down, for personal gain. Ego is associated with confidence and often clouds our perception of others, making us feel superior to others and that is portrayed in these three short stories. Short story â€Å"Cathedral,† narrated by a husband who expresses his feelings toward his wife’s legally blind old friend and former boss, Robert. Robert had lost his wife to cancer recently and was invited by the narrated wife to stay with she and her husband for a littleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Cathedral Essay1478 Words   |  6 PagesDiana Vences English 111 Charles Grogg September 21, 2016 Cathedral Short stories for the most part conclude with a complicated idea that most of the time it is up to the reader to figure out. To figure out the deeper meaning. Reading between the lines. Assume the worst or best for this main character. And the goal for the author is of course for the reader to take this underlying message and apply it to their own life. To take is into consideration. The most influenced and persuaded open mindedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Cathedral 1351 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Cathedral† The story â€Å"Cathedral† demonstrates that lack of sight does not necessarily prevent one from perceiving things as they are, or live their life to the fullest. In the story, a middle-age blind man, who is a friend to the narrator’s wife, and used to be her boss at one point, visits the narrator and his wife. The narrator has never interacted with blind people before, and all he knew about blind people was what he had seen on television. Blind people are stereotypically portrayed on televisionRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1648 Words   |  7 Pages Cathedral is a capitivating story based on the lives of the narrator, his wife and a blind man. Raymond Carver is the author of this story, and he does an excellent job allowing the reader to delve into the lives of these characters. Through using the thoughts of the narrator, the reader is able to grab our attention because the story is made more realistic. The views expressed by the narrator in many senses exemplify the views of many in society and therefore the reader is able to make an emotionalRead MoreAnalysis Of Notre Dame Cathedral1022 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Notre-Dame Cathedral on the  Ile de la Cite  in  Paris is one of the most recognised Gothic structures of medieval Europe. It is considered a fine example of new architectural strategies of the twelfth century, as well as a symbol of socio-political power of the Catholic Church within this period (Swaan, 1988). Therefore, the cathedrals design and construction highlight advances in art and building strategies throughout the history of European culture. This essay is going to discuss Notre-Dame

Bankruptcy law in kenya free essay sample

The Kenyan Insolvency Bill 2012 is an act of parliament to: amend and consolidate the law relating to the insolvency of natural persons and incorporated and unincorporated bodies; to provide alternative procedures to bankruptcy that will enable the affairs of insolvent natural persons to be managed for the benefit of their creditors; to provide for the liquidation of incorporated bodies (including solvent ones); to provide as an alternative to liquidation procedures that will enable the affairs of such of those bodies as become insolvent to be administered for the benefit of their creditors; and to provide for related and incidental matters Individual insolvency refers to the inability of a debtor to pay his debts as and when they fall due. The individual status refers to natural persons only and not corporations. BACKGROUND The bill was enacted to streamline regulation and ownership of businesses in Kenya by introducing international best practices on corporate law and management of insolvency1. The Insolvency Bill was set to repeal the outdated Bankruptcy Act Cap 53 by simplifying insolvency proceedings. This major reform was a reaction to the wind of change in the wake of the country’s position in â€Å"Ease of doing business† in East Africa, with Kenya dropping to 3rd position in â€Å"Doing Business 2013† ranking in the region. The Companies Bill now the Companies Act 2012 was also set forward to reformulate and improve the business climate in Kenya2. The bill primarily seeks to provide independent administrators with control of businesses at the point of insolvency and duty of equitable distribution of liquidation assets among the directors. The legislators’ intention was to limit creditors’ leeway to liquidate companies that could otherwise be salvaged through management restructuring or improvement. ‘Insolvency Reform in Africa’ a report by Mahesh Uttamchandani the Global Product Leader on Restructuring Insolvency, from World Bank Group, states that stakeholders recover little from NPLs (Non-Performing Loans). From their collected statistics in Kenya; Country Aggregate value of NPLs (2008)total Amount Recovered under current recovery rates. Total Value destruction. total Recovery rate DB 2011(cents on the dollar) Time DB 2011(years) Kenya 1,091,249,246 325,192,275 766,056,971 Source: IMF, NPL data and Doing Business. The report further realized the following challenges facing the insolvency regime: Even basic processes such as liquidation take too long; Reorganization rates are very low; Very little returned to stakeholders; Under-regulation of Liquidators and Receivers It can be clearly seen that a better insolvency regime was in need and the 2012 Bill succeeded the 2010 Bill which with also repealing the Bankruptcy Act it also: Seeks to encourage the dissolution of non-viable and inefficient businesses and the survival of the efficient ones and to maximize the value of liquidated assets. Provides effective mechanisms for indemnifying and prosecuting managers and directors whose illegal actions contribute to the insolvency of a firm NOTE: The Insolvency Bill 2010 was  initially rejected in 2010 and referred back to stakeholders for further review. After incorporating their amendments the bill was finally approved for gazettement and should now be referred to as the Insolvency Bill 2012. According to the office of the Chief Parliamentary Draftsman, the old 2010 bill is no longer applicable and will be formally withdrawn from the house. The new insolvency bill introduced a company voluntary arrangement procedure, along with the concept of administration. The insolvency practitioner would be required to be qualified and the aim of the legislation was to â€Å"help the profession to clean up its act†. Challenges to implementation were, amongst other things: Legislating for a modern insolvency legal framework The acceptance of that framework by society; Explaining to stakeholders how the system would Function Ensuring that the laws were passed by Parliament and then establishing the institutions necessary to implement them The presence of sufficient legal and economic expertise to implement the new regime. The most important and noticeable features relating to individual insolvency are substantially similar to those of corporate bodies’ insolvency however the provisions of liquidation and winding up are more detailed and exclusive to incorporated and unincorporated bodies alike. These salient features are as follows: 1. Circumstances where the individual is insolvent include where he has insufficient assets with which to discharge his debts and financial liabilities. An individual may be insolvent but not be bankrupt however cannot be bankrupt without being declared insolvent first. 2. Once insolvency is established a receiving order is prepared and granted by the court upon application of a bankruptcy petition filed by either the creditors or the debtor. NOTE: Once an order has been made against an individual then their creditors can no longer pursue them for payment. 3. A receiving order sought after by the debtor to declare himself insolvent does not conclusively declare him bankrupt however if the creditors agree on the individual’s composition or scheme of arrangement of his assets then the  order already granted will just be replaced by the courts with an adjudication order declaring bankruptcy. After the individual is made bankrupt, a trustee in bankruptcy is appointed. All the individual’s assets in his bankruptcy estate vest in the trustee and his ability to trade and take credit is restricted. NOTE: The Bankruptcy Act does not exclusively detail circumstances which a person cannot be a trustee or official receiver. The Insolvency Bill clearly states a trustee is either the official receiver (a civil servant and officer of the court) or a licensed insolvency practitioner. Insolvency Practitioner is a new term under the bill. Trustee must equally distribute assets to creditors with regard to their debts owed; maximize the assets’ liabilities. Official receiver or trustee has power to extend bankruptcy period under certain circumstances and this is achieved by seeking an order from the courts. 5. Individual Voluntary Arrangement (includes asset realization and payment scheme and schedule) is an agreement between an insolvent individual and his creditors which either compromises or provides a framework for the settlement of his debts. A composition or scheme of arrangement may be proposed by the debtor to his creditors and also has the option of seeking a court order preventing creditors taking recovery action for their debts until they have voted on the proposal at the first meeting of creditors. NOTE: This option was not applicable under the now repealed Bankruptcy Act. 6. Insolvent individuals, with modest means and no debts arising from carrying on a business may; apply to the official receiver for a debt relief order which prevents creditors from enforcing their debts against the individual for a year after which he is discharged from liability for those debts. Even if found bankrupt, the individual is allowed certain exemptions which permit him to retain a car, business equipment, personal property and a home as long as he continues to make payments on a loan secured by the property. The safeguards of the bankrupt to be able to conduct business and gain a fresh new start are well and better formulated in the bill than it was in cap 53 of laws of Kenya. 8. Once discharged from bankruptcy an individual is freed from their debts. The available exceptions are creditors who hold security or other legal charges over the individual’s assets. The discharged bankrupt will be liable to pay the required payments or else the secured or charged property will be relinquished by the creditors to recover the loans. 9. Creditors’ rights and liabilities relating to natural persons’ insolvency is limited to exercise since the assets and property of the individual are privately owned and there is no public records of accounts, audits and other financial books on his estate unless the nature of business requires him to keep such documents. 10. Supervisors for Individual Voluntary Agreements and Administrators must be quali? The bill provides that charge-holders should be given notice of any petition. If at the petition stage a receiver is already in place, then the court is required to dismiss any petition unless the charge-holder who appointed the receiver consents to the Administration Order. 12. The bill sets out various criteria for authorization as an Insolvency Practitioner. This could be via a recognized professional body or through a new body, the Insolvency Practitioners Board. This requirement will help the profession â€Å"clean up† its act and bar those considered un? t. The regulation and licensing of IPs was important, and it was essential to ensure a minimum level of professional standards and skills as; Knowledge of procedure; A minimum experience threshold; Personal attributes such as integrity; Suitability for their tasks; The physical capacity to be able to deal with matters entrusted to them; Independence in the matter; and To have acquired the confidence and the trust of all stakeholders. What is less clear from the wording of the bill compared to the bankruptcy act is whether a charge-holder could proceed to appoint a receiver after obtaining notice of a petition – something that could have important implications on the value of ? xed and ? oating securities. 2. The major change therefore is that the Administrator chosen by all creditors –rather than the receiver chosen by charge-holders– will deal with charged property and will account to the charge-holders thereon for which priorities remaining intact. 3. Unlike in the Bankruptcy Act, the Insolvency Bill deems an individual to be unable to pay his debts in certain circumstances thus declaring him not insolvent. Such circumstances are: REFORMS AND INNOVATIONS RELATING TO INDIVIDUAL INSOLVENCY From the highlighted features manifesting in the Insolvency Bill 2012, it is clear to note that there is still room for improvement and the government works with players in the economy and financial sector to develop legislations, policies, regulations and to ensure that procedures are up to international standards. Firstly, we have not seen any similar draft rules alongside the bill – but I feel, if properly tailored and incorporated, these would only serve to enhance this proposed Kenyan legislation. PwC, Price Waterhouse Coopers provides innovative and practical solutions in financial services. Financial Focus PwC3 January 2009 edition, promoted the proposed changes aimed at promoting the rescuing of businesses when they experience ? nancial dif? culty as opposed to placing them under receivership or liquidation. Radical changes, reforms and innovations to the then existing insolvency regime was: 1. The concept of â€Å"rescue culture† for survival, which has been increasingly embraced in legislation around the world following the development of the UNCITRAL Model Law for insolvency in 2001. 2. To draw a better balance between debtor and creditor rights. Many argue that existing insolvency law in Kenya overly favours the creditor – often banks or other charge-holders. Ultimately inadequate legislation to properly balance and protect creditor and debtor rights negatively affects inward investment and increases the cost of doing business. The new bill seeks to modernize insolvency legislation to the bene? Court involvement to be more pronounced. In this case the directors or one or more creditors of a distressed company can petition the court to make an Administration Order. The court must consider whether Administration will meet one of four â€Å"purposes†, including the survival of the company and whether it would result in a more advantageous outcome than would liquidation. Training institutions have to be made to create programmes for skills development with a view to ensuring that there would be a professional group of insolvency practitioners. The INSOL Africa Round Table 2012 is one such programme. The meeting in Nairobi offered the following reforms and innovations regarding insolvency matters; The background to the establishment and functioning of the Commercial Court, which had been particularly successful in reducing the backlog of cases. Dealing with the deployment of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in facilitating informal corporate workouts. This is advantageous because of not being constrained either by the Courts or by statute but only by the â€Å"imagination and expertise of the participants†. There are many changes within the Insolvency Bill 2012. Two of the most radical, in my view, are:- the move to introduce two new legal procedures – Company/Individual Voluntary Arrangements (CVAs and IVAs) and Administration the requirement for any â€Å"Insolvency Practitioner† to be quali? ed Much of the bill, seem to closely mirror respective parts of the 1986 UK Insolvency Act. It should be remembered that the key provisions of the Companies Act in Kenya are based on the 1948 UK Companies Act. Moreover, the UK got its own dedicated Insolvency Act as far back as 1986 and then updated it in 2003 with the Enterprise Act. This does not seem to be a feature of IB 2012, something that in my view might well serve to frustrate the key intentions of the proposed legislation. Martin Whitehead4 who leads PwC’s Crisis Management team in East and Central Africa states â€Å"We need an insolvency act that will be workable, and so key interested parties – banks, corporate borrowers and insolvency practitioners – should be looking to fully participate in the process going forward. † Many grey areas remain†¦ but overall this bill is going in the right direction.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

Since the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990’s, the United States’ economic clout has been rising in an unprecedented rate, remaining virtually unchallenged till the late stages of the 21st century’s first decade.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The US’s financial system by virtual of its sophistication and size is the engine of the world economic system, a fact that was evident in the 2008 financial crisis and the subsequent recession that rippled through the world economic system. In the wake of the crisis, the new administration of President Barrack Obama took over and continued economic resuscitation efforts started by former President Bush. Among the many initiatives undertaken by the current administration was the introduction of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) that Pres ident Obama signed to law in 2009. The stimulus package as it was popularly referred to was, mainly intended to stimulate the American economy through both individual and corporate tax breaks, advancement of employment benefits through expansion of the social welfare program and increased domestic spending mainly in infrastructure, energy, environment and research. Since the enactment of the act, a lot has taken place economically and different economic experts differ whether or not the act achieved its targets. To arrive at a comprehensive conclusion with the above assertion in mind, it is important to examine closely the main objectives as they were outlined by President Obama and fellow Democrats when selling the idea to the public. One of the objectives of the ARRA was to stop the recession through creation of jobs and to spur investment, effectively increasing output. Simple economics say that increased output can only be measured through overall gross domestic product growth. Most of the arguments for or against the ARRA have been partisan, based on party lines. Regardless of what one feels about ARRA, there is one aspect of the whole picture that we cannot clearly point out. Had the country taken a different path from that of ARRA, what could have been the result?Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The lack of counterfactual information deprives the clean bill of health that a supporter of ARRA would give it (Page, 2011, p. 81). Nevertheless, an objective independent minded economic analyst will agree that ARRA’s net effect has been positive when measured against the common parameters that are used to gauge economic growth. Before delving further on what has changed since its ARRA’s passage, it is important to note that there is a big possibility that the economists advising the president prior to the drafting of the ARRA bill grossly underestimated the economic conditions during the financial crisis. In fact, there is consensus that the general economic outlook was far worse than initially thought. This perhaps explains the reason why there was a spike in unemployment and economic contraction in the aftermath of ARRA’s passage. Success There have been numerous reports and studies since ARRA was enacted. They include those from government, the congressional budget office and other independent institutions. While there may not be any consensus on the various aspects of the reports, the collective conclusion has been that the recession ended in 2009 (Romer, 2011, p. 53). In fact, the effects of the fiscal stimulus have been so pronounced to the point that the economy reported a 3.4% gross domestic grown in 2010, lowering the unemployment rate by one and half percentage points and adding approximately 2.7 million jobs to the economy (Mihm, 2011, p. 63). Given the sustained economic growth experienced in subs equent years, the number of jobs created since then has more than doubled (Goldstein, 2012, p.21). The above, regardless of the perspective from which anyone looks at it, is an indication of the success of ARRA. Jobs When the new Obama administration came into office, the US was losing an average of 800,000 jobs every month. The White House Council of Economic Advisers, though working at the behest of the president, is a competent body that also works for the tax payer and has a duty to tell the truth to the people especially concerning the economic outlook.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By 2011 according to the council, ARRA had created or saved 3.6 million jobs (Goldstein, 2012, p.32). State governments had expanded their payrolls by almost 40,000 mainly through the stimulus funds they were receiving from government. Though the unemployment rate was stubbornly high in the years leading to the 2012 election, it has since fallen to sustainable single digit levels, a move that has cast a positive outlook on the general employment situation. Economists suggest a job creation rate of over 225,000 to ensure sustainable growth. Though the numbers have hardly reached that level consistently, every month since 2010 has seen positive job creation numbers a pointer to sustained economic growth momentum thanks to ARRA (Goldstein, 2012, p.35). GDP expansion Job creation and a consistently low unemployment rate are some of the major indicators of an economy in the right direction. Job growth is primarily determined by expansion of the gross domestic product. A contracting GDP indicates falling output, meaning less people are engaged in meaningful employment. That is what happened when President Obama took office in 2009. Contraction of GDP continued till 2010 when it showed signs of recovery thanks to initiatives li ke ARRA. It is important to note that ARRA rode on a $ 787 billion bill. This is a significant amount of money that when injected to the economy through increased spending on programs such as infrastructure and tax cuts creates real economic benefits. The net benefit when all factors are held constant is very significant and there is no doubt they were among the factors that propelled the economy out of the recession. It therefore makes sense to argue that ARRA made it possible for the economy to expand sooner than projected.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion As pointed out earlier, there is no telling what could have happened if the Obama administration had taken a different path in restoring the economy. However, it is also important to acknowledge that ARRA is the basis of the recovery and economic growth momentum that the country is experiencing at the moment. Regardless of one’s political leaning, it is important to acknowledge the importance of the actions that the Obama administration took especially on the extension of aid by the federal government to the local and state authorities as well as through increased spending. There is no doubt that more could have been done to pull the country out of the recession faster than it happened. In fact there is more that can be done to accelerate the economic recovery. However, credit has to be given to ARRA for providing the platform on which the current economic growth is riding on. References Goldstein, M. (2012). Recovery Act: Preliminary Observations on the Implementa tion. Los Angeles: Lippincot. Mihm, C. (2011). Recovery Act: States’ and Localities’ Use of Funds. New York, NY: Diane Publshing. Page, B (2011). Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. New York, NY: Routledge. Romer, C. (2011) Economic Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.  New York, NY: Penguin Books. This research paper on The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was written and submitted by user Kyr0n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.